Lactic acid fermentation plays a unique and crucial role in specialty coffee, particularly in developing complex flavors and enhancing...

1. What Is Lactic Acid and How Is It Formed? Lactic acid  is a compound produced when cells break down glucose for energy in anaerobic...

Cellular processes are incredibly well-regulated, almost like a high-security operation, with multiple checks and balances. Cells have...

Transcription  is the process in which the information stored in DNA  (the cell’s genetic blueprint) is copied into a different molecule...

In this chapter, we’ll learn about the nucleus , the “control center” of the cell. The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material and...

In this chapter, we’ll explore the cell membrane , which acts as a barrier and gatekeeper for the cell. It controls what goes in and out,...

In this chapter, we’ll learn about the cytoplasm , the “workshop” area of the cell where many essential activities take place. Section 1:...

Each individual cell can contain millions of ATP molecules  at any given time. Here’s how and why this is possible: 1. ATP is...

Structure of the Mitochondria : • The mitochondria have a double membrane : • The outer membrane : Smooth and surrounds the mitochondria,...

Differences between alcoholic fermentation  and lactic acid fermentation  in simple terms. Both processes are ways for cells to make...

Alcoholic Fermentation  is another way cells can produce energy without oxygen. It’s used by organisms like yeast  and some bacteria....

1. What is the cytoplasm made of? The cytoplasm  is a gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell and is composed of several...

How is glucose connected to carbon as a building block? Glucose  is a sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆) made of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms,...

Carbon as a “Reusable Glue” or “Welding Material”: • Carbon  acts as a fundamental element that can bond with other elements  (like...

1. What is “solid” at a cellular level? In cells, most of the organic molecules  (like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic...

• Pyruvate  is a small molecule formed when glucose  is broken down during the first step of cellular respiration, called glycolysis . •...

NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) • What it is : NAD⁺ is the oxidized form of the molecule. It acts as an electron acceptor in...

The notes in this series on cellular microbiology are all created using ChatGpt. So do cross check and verify on your own too Lactic...

The notes in this series on cellular microbiology are all created using ChatGpt. So do cross check and verify on your own too Here’s...

The notes in this series on cellular microbiology are all created using ChatGpt. So do cross check and verify on your own too ATP ...