What is Pyruvate?

• Pyruvate is a small molecule formed when glucose is broken down during the first step of cellular respiration, called glycolysis.

• Each glucose molecule (which has 6 carbon atoms) is split into two molecules of pyruvate (each having 3 carbon atoms).

Role in Energy Production:

1. In Glycolysis: When glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm, pyruvate is the end product. This step produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.

2. Next Step - Mitochondria:

• If oxygen is present (aerobic conditions), pyruvate moves into the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, producing a lot more ATP.

• If no oxygen is present (anaerobic conditions), pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm and can be converted into lactic acid (in humans) or alcohol (in yeast), depending on the organism.

Summary:

• Pyruvate is the key product of glycolysis.

• It plays a crucial role in determining whether the cell will produce energy with oxygen (aerobic respiration) or without oxygen (anaerobic fermentation).